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Evaluation of Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Detecting Drowsiness in Drivers
(Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurímac, 2025-09-09) Hurtado Delgado, Bryan; Oscco Guillen, Marycielo Xiomara; Aquino Cruz, Mario
Drowsiness in drivers is a condition that can manifest itself at any time, representing a constant challenge for road safety, especially in a context where artificial intelligence technologies are increasingly present in driver assistance systems. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for drowsiness detection, focusing on the identification of signals such as eye state and yawning. The research was of an applied type with a descriptive level, comparing the performance of LeNet, DenseNet121, InceptionV3 and MobileNet under challenging conditions, such as lighting and motion variations. A non-experimental design was used, with two datasets: a public dataset from Kaggle that included images classified into two categories (yawn and no yawn) and another created specifically for this study, which included images classified into three main categories (eyes open, eyes closed and undetected). The results indicated that, although all architectures performed well in controlled conditions, MobileNet stood out as the most accurate and consistent in challenging scenarios. DenseNet121 also showed good performance, while LeNet was effective in eye-state detection. This study provided a comprehensive assessment of the capabilities and limitations of CNNs for applications in drowsiness monitoring systems, and suggested future directions for improving accuracy in more challenging environments.
Evaluación morfométrica del estómago fetal en alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
(Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad del Zulia, 2026-03-13) Flores Tintaya, Wilian; Quispe Gutiérrez, Ulises Sandro; Alva Villavicencio, Gizely; Navarrete Zamora, Miluska Beatriz
La crianza de las alpacas (Vicugna pacos) en el Perú, constituye uno de los mayores recursos para la sobrevivencia y seguridad alimentaria de los pobladores altoandinos. La anatomía digestiva de la alpaca aún no está descrita completamente para explicar los procesos fisiológicos y nutricionales. Con el objetivo de describir la estructura del estómago fetal de la alpaca, se utilizaron seis fetos de alpacas Huacaya obtenidos del matadero, distribuyéndose dos fetos (macho y hembra) para cada tercio de gestación. Se realizó la disección de los fetos exponiendo los estómagos, se efectuaron las medidas del largo y ancho de los tres compartimentos (C), además se describieron los surcos y celdillas del C1. Se realizó el análisis de varianza considerando el efecto sexo, edad gestacional, C y sus interacciones, cuya variable de respuesta fue el largo y ancho de los C del estómago. No hubo interacción (P>0,05) para ninguna de las variables de estudio. El largo y ancho de los tres C del estómago fetal fueron similares en machos y hembras (P>0,05). El largo y ancho de los C fueron menores (P≤0,05) en primer tercio de gestación, aumentando las medidas en segundo y último tercio de la gestación. El largo del C3 fue mayor (P≤0,05) que el C1 y C2, mientras el ancho del C1 fue mayor (P≤0,05) que el C2 y C3. En el C1 del saco dorsal, hubo más surcos perpendiculares y celdillas en el último tercio de la gestación. En conclusión, los tamaños de los C del estómago fetal de la alpaca aumentaron conforme avanzó la edad gestacional. Además, en el C1, hubo más surcos perpendiculares y celdillas en el último tercio de la gestación.
A Comparison of Cultivation Techniques NFT-I, FR and Soil: An IoT Monitoring Approach
(Proceedings of International Conference on Data Science and Applications, 2026-03-13) Ibarra, Manuel J.; Alcarraz, Edgar W.; Tapia, Olivia; Ponce, Yalmar; Calderon Vilca, Hugo D.; Quispe, Carlos R.
Hydroponics is an agricultural method where plants grow with water and mineral nutrient solutions. For a good production of vegetables, it is essential to keep within an optimal range the values of the variables that influence growth: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and frequency of irrigation. This article compares three cultivation sub-systems NFT-I, FR and Soil. Additionally, it describes the IoT computing for monitoring the principal variables: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and frequency of irrigation. This prototype allows notifying the farmer about the current status of each variable through Telegram social network and a Web site. The methodology was as follows: start planting the same day in the three sub-systems, controlling the values of the variables obtained by the sensors, and notifying the farmer when the values exceed the established limits, then the weight, the number of leaves, length and width were measured. The results have shown that this system can reduce electricity consumption by 97.9%, furthermore, use green computing approach with solar panel energy supply. Finally, lettuce production was good, and in terms of weight, the number of leaves, length and width, followed the relationship FR > NFT-I > Soil.
Serious Games for Learning: A Quantitative Review of Literature
(Serious Games (JCSG 2020), 2026-03-13) Ibarra, Manuel J.; Ibañez, Vladimiro; Frango Silveira, Ismar; Collazos, Cesar A.; Wallner, Günter; Rauterberg, Matthias
There exists a considerable amount of digital games that are described and published in the scientific literature. Among them, there are those considered as “serious games”, whose foremost goal differs from pure entertainment, being conceived mainly for training, capacity building, and education among other ends. Serious digital games for learning represent an important part of this whole set, and it is relevant to observe the actual state-of-the-art about the research in this field. In this sense, this paper presents a quantitative literature review on previous papers published in peer-reviewed conference proceedings or journals related to digital games for learning.
Proposal of a Water-Quality Index for High Andean Basins: Application to the Chumbao River, Andahuaylas, Peru
(MDPI, Water, 2026-03-13) Choque Quispe, David; Froehner, Sandro; Palomino Rincón, Henry; Peralta Guevara, Diego E.; Barboza Palomino, Gloria I.; Kari Ferro, Aydeé; Zamalloa Puma, Lourdes Magaly; Mojo Quisani, Antonieta; Barboza Palomino, Edward E.; Choque Quispe, Yudith
The water from the high Andean rivers is peculiar due to its composition and the geomorphology of its sources, and naturally or anthropogenically contamination is not discarded along its course. This water is used for agriculture and human consumption, therefore knowing its quality is important. This research aimed to proposing and formulate a water-quality index for high Andean basins through the Delphi method, and its application in the Chumbao River located in Andahuaylas-Peru. Forty-three water-quality parameters were evaluated through the Delphi method, and the water-quality index (WQIHA) was formulated with a weighted average of the weights of the selected parameters, it was compared with the WQI Dinius. For this purpose, ten sampling points were considered along the Chumbao River located between 4274 and 2572 m of altitude and the WQIHA was applied. In addition, field and laboratory analyses were carried out in 2018, 2019, and 2021, in dry and rainy seasons. Twenty parameters were grouped in the physicochemical sub-index (SIPC), heavy metals sub-index (SIHM), and organic matter sub-index (SIOM). Each group contributed with weights of 0.30, 0.30, and 0.40, respectively, for the WQIHA formulation. The SIPC and SIOM showed that the areas near the head of the basin presented excellent and good quality, while the urbanized areas were qualified as marginal to poor; SIHM reported good quality in all points and seasons. Regarding the WQIHA, the index shows good quality in the zones above 3184 m of altitude, contrasting with poor quality downstream, decreasing notably in both seasons, suggesting continuous degradation of the water body.
Contenido de energía metabolizable y energía neta del maíz, subproducto de trigo, harina de soya, harina de pescado y aceite de soya para pollos de carne
(Scientia agropecuaria, 2026-03-13) Moscoso Muñoz, Juan
Se realizó un estudio para determinar la energía metabolizable (EM) y energía neta (EN) del maíz, subproducto de trigo, harina de soya, harina de pescado y aceite de soya en aves. Se utilizó 190 pollos machos, distribuidos en seis dietas experimentales (basal (B), B + maíz (40%), B + subproducto de trigo (40%), B + harina de soya (30%), B + harina de pescado (30%), B + aceite de soya (10%) con tres niveles de alimentación (ad libitum (AL), 85% AL y 70% AL). La EM se determinó por el método de colección total de excretas y la EN por el método de sacrificio comparativo, los pollos recibieron las dietas experimentales de los siete a 21 días de edad, las excretas se recolectaron cada 24 horas (día 19 al 21). Para EN, se determinó la energía retenida y producción de calor (7 y 21 días). La EM y EN del maíz, subproducto de trigo, harina de soya, harina de pescado y aceite de soya fue de 3734, 2197, 2477, 3289, 8767 kcal/kg MS y 2527, 1598, 1417, 1837, 7550 kcal/kg MS respectivamente, la relación EN:EM fue mayor con el aceite de soya en comparación a los otros insumos.
Assessment of Prickly Pear Peel Mucilage and Potato Husk Starch for Edible Films Production for Food Packaging Industries
(Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2026-03-13) Ayquipa Cuellar, Erica; Salcedo Sucasaca, Lourdes; Azamar Barrios, José Antonio; Chaquilla-Quilca, Guadalupe
Purpose Agro-industrial waste, being biodegradable and environmentally-benign, is a sustainable resource for edible film production. Edible films were fabricated from by-products, prickly pear peel mucilage (PPM) and potato husk starch (PHS), and characterised for their physical–chemical properties. Methods Various films were prepared by varying the PPM, PHS and glycerine (plasticiser) while maintaining a constant amount of vinegar (acidifying agent). Results Results showed that the formulation composition influenced the properties of the films. High concentrations of PPM and glycerine led to films with higher thickness, opacity, moisture and water retention capacity (WRC), and the percentage of water solubility (% WS) was influenced by the PHS content. All edible films presented very low water permeability (WP), and thereby good barrier properties. The WS, WRC and WP were closely associated with the PPM and glycerine contents. Consequently, the FTIR and SEM analyses showed similarities between the spectra and images. Conclusion The preparation of edible films from agro-industrial wastes, along with their specific application in food packaging, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, contributes to sustainable alternatives due to the recovery and reuse of the processing residues.
Nutritional, physical and sensory characteristics of bread with the inclusion of germinated basul (Erythrina edulis) flour
(Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2026-03-13) Vilcanqui Pérez, Fulgencio; Chaquilla Quilca, Guadalupe; Sarmiento Casavilca, Víctor Hugo; Céspedes Orosco, Candy Naya; Ventura Saldivar, Yeni
The goal was to assess the effect of different substitution levels (SL) of wheat flour with germinated basul flour (GBF) on nutritional, physical, and sensory characteristics of bread. The previously soaked basul fruits were germinated, dried, and transformed into flour. This product substituted wheat flour in the following SL: 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20% of GBF, respectively, for the processing of loaves of bread. Nutritional values were determined by AOAC method. The physical characteristics assessed were weight, volume, porosity, and colour. The Flash Profile technique was used for the sensory assessment. A significant increase in the content of protein and crude fibre (3.86 and 50.49%, respectively) and a decrease in the content of carbohydrates (2.57%) were observed in all loaves with SL of 20%. With this same SL, it was observed that the physical characteristics did not differ significantly, except for height. In the sensory characteristics, loaves made with 20% SL also had a sweet flavour and a spongy appearance, except for the colour (change to opaque colour), which gradually decreased with the increased SL. The inclusion of GBF in bread improved nutritional and sensory quality, without affecting physical quality, which is why it can be considered healthy food.
Preliminary Characterization of a Spray-Dried Hydrocolloid from a High Andean Algae (Nostoc sphaericum)
(Advancing Open Science, 2026-03-13) Choque Quispe, David; Mojo Quisani, Antonieta; Ligarda Samanez, Carlos A.; Calla Florez, Miriam; Ramos Pacheco, Betsy S.; Zamalloa Puma, Lourdes Magaly; Peralta Guevara, Diego E.; Solano Reynoso, Aydeé M.; Choque Quispe, Yudith; Kari Ferro, Aydeé
The search for new natural sources of hydrocolloids with stabilizing, thickening, and good binding capacity, from raw materials that are environmentally friendly and that contribute to the circular economy is a challenge for the food industry. The aim of the study was the preliminary characterization of a spray-dried hydrocolloid from high Andean algae Nostoc sphaericum. Four ecotypes of algae from Peruvian high Andean lagoons located above 4000 m were considered. The samples were collected in the period March–April 2021 and were subjected to a spray drying process in an aqueous medium. The characterization showed that the dehydrated nostoc ecotypes presented high protein and carbohydrate content, making it a potential material for direct use as a functional food for humans. The spray-dried product presented good stability for its use as a hydrocolloid, with zeta potential values (ζ), around 30 mV, evidencing the presence of -CO-, -OH, -COO-, and -CH groups, characteristic of polysaccharides, representing 40% of total organic carbon on average, giving it low water activity values and particle size at the nanometric level. Major minerals such as Ca (>277 mg/100 g), Mg (>19.7 mg/100 g), and Fe (>7.7 mg/100 g) were reported. Spray-dried nostoc is a hydrocolloid material with high potential for the food industry, with good nutritional content and techno-functional behavior.
Analysis of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) cria survival under extensive management conditions in the high elevations of the Andes Mountains of Peru
(Small Ruminant Research, 2026-03-13) Gómez Quispe, O.E.; Rodríguez, E.L.; Benites, R.M.; Valenzuela, S.; Moscoso Muñoz, J.; Ibañez, V.; Youngs, C.R.
In the Andes Mountains, alpaca rearing is the main economic activity of many families. One of the factors that affects the economic viability of this breeding activity is the mortality of offspring. The objective of this investigation was to analyze factors that influence the probability of survival of alpaca crias raised under extensive management conditions in the high elevations of the Andes Mountains in Peru. The study involved 100 crias born during a normal calving season that were monitored from birth to 12 weeks of age. Mortality of crias was recorded daily whereas body weight and other variables were recorded weekly. Cria survival was estimated using the Cox proportional hazard regression. Crias that never showed clinical signs of disease had a higher (P = 0.001) probability of survival (93.9 %) than crias with visible signs of disease (5.6 %). Crias with a heavy birth weight (exceeding 7.13 kg) had a greater (P = 0.001) probability of survival than those born with a moderate (80.6 %) or low birth weight (52.6 %). Survival of crias was not affected by sex (P = 0.303) or fleece color (P = 0.361). The most important factors that influenced the survival of the crias were clinical health status (P < 0.001) and birth weight (P = 0.001). These results highlight the importance of cria health care management during the first six weeks of life. More vigilant observation of cria health during this time could reduce clinical disease and improve cria survival, thereby improving the profitability of alpaca producers through the reduction of cria death losses.
Interaction with the Titicaca National Reserve and perception of the environmental problem
(Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 2026-03-12) Quispe Roque, Diana Margaret; Aravena, Claudia
This study investigates the differences in the interaction and perception of the environmental problems in the Titicaca National Reserve between households in the rural and urban areas of its buffer-zone. We conducted semi-structured interviews and surveys and a test of difference. Results show significant differences in the socioeconomic profile of the households. Rural interaction is associated with the use of the resources as a source of food and livestock, while in the urban area it is associated to recreation. The pollution of the lake was the main environmental problem identified. However, rural households perceive the overexploitation of natural resources.
Effect of FSH and eCG on alpaca (Vicugna pacos) oocyte maturation in vitro
(Unique Scientific Publishers, International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2026-03-12) Quispe Gutiérrez, US; Olivera Marocho, LV; Ccopa Ccallata, Jhunior; Pahuara Farfan, Lariza Evelyn; Barragán-Condori, M; Berndtson, JL
This study evaluated alpaca oocytes that developed to metaphase II (MII), using different concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) with and without equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) during in vitro maturation. Oocytes were obtained from ovaries of slaughtered alpacas. Oocytes were matured in vitro for 36h in TCM-99 and supplemented in groups with different doses of FSH: 0.5, 0.25, 0μg.mL-1 and eCG: 15, 5, 0IU.mL-1. Oocytes were stained with 2% lacmoid, and examined for their nuclear status. The parameter for comparisons between groups was the percentage of oocytes in MII. There was an interaction between FSH and eCG (P<0.05). A higher percentage of oocytes in MII were obtained when using 0.5μg.mL-1 of FSH with any concentration of 15, 5 or 0IU.mL-1 of eCG [58.4±1.94% (n=78); 59.5±1.94% (n=85); 54.3±0.56% (n=81); P<0.05]. A similar percentage was also found using 0.25μg.mL-1 of FSH plus 15IU.mL-1 of eCG [52.3±1.66% (n=86); P>0.05] followed by 0.25μg.mL-1 of FSH with 5 or 0IU.mL-1 of eCG [47.3±1.94% (n=82); 45.3±1.94% (n=86); P<0.05]. The lowest maturation percentages were found using any concentration of eCG without FSH [8.2±0.73% (n=84); 8.0±0.66% (n=74); 11.4±1.23% (n=71); P<0.05]. In conclusion, the addition of eCG to the maturation medium would reduce the amount of FSH required in the in vitro maturation of alpaca oocytes.
Comparing fiber quality characteristics and staple length in Suri and Huacaya alpacas
(Frontiers in Animal Science, 2026-03-12) Pinares, Rubén; Meza, Aydee; Crispín, Neyla; Lozano, Franklin; Pezo, Danilo
Introduction: The textile industry considers alpaca fiber to be a specialty fiber. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of color, breed, location, age, and sex of alpacas on fiber quality characteristics and staple length.Methods: Fiber samples were taken from the mid-side of 118 Huacaya and Suri alpacas at two livestock shows (Pitumarca and Maranganí) and at CICAS La Raya (South American Camelid Research Center), which is located in the province of Canchis (Cusco, Peru).Results and discussion: The fiber characteristics and staple length in black alpacas are similar to those of brown alpacas. Huacaya fiber is finer, having a lower mean fiber diameter (MFD), SD, and coefficient of variation of MFD than Suri fiber. Alpacas from the two livestock shows have higher-quality fiber than unselected alpacas raised in CICAS La Raya. Staple length is longer in Suri alpacas than in Huacaya alpacas. Likewise, the staple length is longer in alpacas from Pitumarca, followed by alpacas from Maranganí, and is shorter in alpacas from CICAS La Raya. Young alpacas have a shorter staple length than adults, and it is longer in females than in males. The mean fiber diameter and spinning fineness are strongly correlated with other fiber characteristics in colored alpacas.Conclusion: These black and brown alpacas raised in small herds and judged in two livestock shows produce high-quality fiber at 22 µm for the textile industry.
Impact of cria protection strategy on post-natal survival and growth of alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
(Veterinary and Animal Science, Elsevier, 2026-03-12) Valenzuela, Santiago; Benites, Ruth M.; Moscoso Muñoz, Juan E.; Youngs, Curtis R.; Gómez Quispe, Oscar E.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different management systems on the postnatal survival and growth of alpaca crias. The study was conducted during the alpaca calving season in the Peruvian Andes. Animals were fed on native pastures; during the day they went out to graze, but at night they were brought into a corral. A total of 150 alpaca singleton neonates were randomly assigned to one of three cria protection strategies immediately after consuming colostrum. The first group consisted of 50 crias who slept in an open-corral (OC) without shelter. The second group was comprised of 50 crias fitted with body vests (BV) who stayed overnight in an open-corral without shelter. The third group spent nights in a semi-open shed (SH). Cria survival was recorded daily, and body weight was recorded weekly. Survival to 12 weeks of age was higher (P = 0.001) for BV (100%) than for SH (76%) or OC (64%) which were not different from each other. Daily body weight gain (kg/day) during the first 12 weeks of life was higher (P < 0.001) for BV (0.17 ± 0.03) than for SH (0.14 ± 0.02) or OC (0.13 ± 0.04). There was no effect (P < 0.979) of cria sex on daily body weight gain. Results of this study revealed that fitting neonatal crias with a BV is a viable management strategy to enhance cria postnatal survival and daily body weight gain.
Evaluation of a Porcine deltacoronavirus eradication program in a full-cycle pig farm in Peru
(Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research, 2026-03-12) Vicente Huaman, Jhonas; Gómez Quispe, Oscar E.
Objective: In this case report, we report for first the time the presence of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in Peru (October 2019) and Latin America, and we present a control and eradication program using feedback (exposure)/controlled homogenization in a pig farm. Materials and methods: This farm is located in the eastern jungle of Peru. Initially, clinical signs that appeared to be infectious diarrhea were detected, but the disease rapidly progressed to green diarrhea, vomiting, and increased mortality in piglets. These symptoms were compatible with those produced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus, but also with PDCoV. Because the disease could not be diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms, analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction was used. Implementation of a feedback/controlled homogenization program was quickly planned, accompanied by the closure of the farm, animal and farm health strategies, and its respective monitoring. Results: At the farm level, between 1 and 9 weeks after application of the program, the samples were positive for PDCoV, but at week 10, they were negative. At week 12, the weaned and fattening piglets gradually became populated as negative animals. In the follow-up before the opening of the farm, all the piglets were negative. In the final verification, gilts (week 35) entered the breeding area as replacements only after being tested negative for PDCoV. Conclusion: A rigorous feedback/controlled homogenization program and complementary measures led to eradicating PDCoV from the farm.
IoT Computing for Monitoring NFT-I Cultivation Technique in Vegetable Production
(Intelligent Systems and Applications (IntelliSys 2021), 2026-03-12) Ibarra, Manuel J.; Alcarraz, Edgar W.; Tapia, Olivia; Kari, Aydeé; Ponce, Yalmar; Pozo, Rosmery S.
This article compares the production and growth times of three types of lettuce and in three cultivation systems NFT-I, RF and soil with Worm Humus. Additionally, it describes the NFT-I cultivation system, which is a cultivation technique supported by the Internet of Things (IoT). NFT-I allows to measure and store the data of three parameters: ambient temperature, pH level and electrical conductivity; the advantage is that this system allows notifying the farmer about the current status of each variable and notifying through the social network Telegram (through bots). The methodology used was to start the planting process in the three systems on the same day, then the NFT-I system was saving data read by the sensors, and later measurements were made of the time and growth of each of the planted lettuces. The results show that this system can reduce electricity consumption by 91.6%; on the other hand, it helps farmers monitor plant growth. On the other hand, regarding the harvest time, it can be verified that the RF system, NFT-I and land were harvested in 61, 69 and 105 days respectively, which shows that RF is the most efficient; In terms of size, the number of leaves, length and width, RF is also of better size than the NFT-I crop and soil. Finally, in these times of confinement due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), in which the economy has slowed and the needs are multiple, this NFT-I system could help people create their vegetable growing system of quickly and cheaply.
Economic valuation of the ecosystem of the high Andean hydrographic basin tributary of the Chumbao River, through multicriteria analysis
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2026-03-12) Barrial Lujan, A. I.; Rodríguez, G.; Huamán Carrión, M. L.; Espinoza Montes, F.; Barrial Acosta, D.; Delgado Laime, M. C.; Arevalo Quijano, J. C.; Castro Paniagua, W. G.; Barrial Lujan, C.; Reynoso Canicani, D. D.
Environmental wealth is the main basis of the social, cultural and economic development of a country, but if there is an absence of the valuation of these natural resources, it can lead to a disproportionate usufruct that causes the deterioration of the ecosystem and even collateral effects of human health. This research aimed to know the total economic value of the ecosystem of the high Andean water basin tributary of the Chumbao River, located between 2000 to 4800 meters above sea level belonging to the province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region in Perú. The valuation procedure consisted of using the analytical method of multicriteria valuation applying the concept of Total Economic Value, which involved direct and indirect uses related to environmental assets, in which a collective panel of people from different training disciplines (experts) participated, which were made up of researchers, engineers, public officials, farmers and ecologists who had extensive knowledge about the environmental asset. of the geographical area in reference; and once the paired comparison survey was done, the total economic value was quantified up to three amounts, so the respondents were formed into three statistically significant segments (SIG<0.05). The cluster (1): assigned a weighting that quantifies to an economic value of USS 4,359,179,489.46; followed by cluster (2): an intermediate value of USS 4,029,902,444.41 and cluster (3): assigned a lower value to USS 774,163,167.16. Thus, it follows that, on average, 51.78% equals value in use and 48.21% equals value in non-use, respectively. This value expressed as an interval reflects the environmental ethical positions of the groups and makes available as an indicator to government authorities and society in order to exercise actions of environmental sustainability high andean.
Snow Cover Temporal Dynamic Using MODIS Product, and Its Relationship with Precipitation and Temperature in the Tropical Andean Glaciers in the Alto Santa Sub-Basin (Peru)
(MDPI, Sustainability, 2026-03-12) Calizaya, Elmer; Laqui, Wilber; Sardón, Saul; Calizaya, Fredy; Cuentas, Osmar; Cahuana, José; Mindani, Carmen; Huacani, Walquer
The retreats of the planet’s tropical glaciers are natural indicators of the variation of precipitation, temperature, and other variables. The glaciers of the Alto Santa sub-basin are sources of freshwater storage for consumptive and non-consumptive use for different sectors. As a result of climatic variations, it is essential to analyze the dynamics of the snow cover area (SCA). The methodology consisted of processing 6578 MODIS Snow Cover MOD10A1 product images and generating 18-year time series using the Platform Google Earth Engine (GEE). Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) was used to estimate the extent of snow cover, and to validate the MODIS snow cover product, we used the same overlapping date of Landsat 5 and 8 Surface Reflectance Tier 1, to examine the relationships between daily precipitation and temperature. The standardized correlation results gave good results with stations over 4500 m.a.s.l., such as Artesonraju AP2 (4828 m.a.s.l.) of −0.84 and −0.74, precipitation, and temperature. These results show coherent behaviors of the retreat due to the variation of the climatological variables. In some years, there were anomalies in the conduct of the three variables, but these originated from events of natural weather phenomena. Regarding the dynamics of the SCA in 18 years, it decreased from 649 km2 to 311.6. km2 between 2000 and 2017, representing a retreat of 41%; we can conclude and confirm that the glacier retreat is imminent due to the consequences of climate change, which would affect the security of freshwater from the tropical glaciers of the Peruvian Andes.
Pre-treatments and Drying Methods on the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Wild Mushrooms (Suillus Luteus) from Apurimac-Peru
(Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences, 2026-03-12) Espinoza Ticona, Yuri; Lozano, Franklin; Moreano Alarcón, Littman; Calixto Muñoz, Juan José; Chaquilla Quilca, Guadalupe
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of pre-treatments and drying methods on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of edible wild mushrooms, Suillus luteus, collected in the pine forests of the Apurimac region, Peru. Two immersion pre-treatments were used: 5% lemon juice and 6% vinegar. Mushroom caps were cut into 3-cm thick slices, immersed at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v), and subsequently dried by direct solar drying and indirect solar drying using a fitotoldo (shade cover). The proximate composition, rehydration, color, total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (DPPH capacity), and sensory evaluation were determined for each sample. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the treatments. Higher rehydration rates were observed in the samples subjected to direct solar drying and fitotoldo drying without pre-treatment, as well as those treated with vinegar. Regarding color, luminosity (L*) significantly decreased in the dried samples compared to the fresh sample. In the proximate analysis, the untreated samples had protein, crude fiber, and ash contents of 23.67 g/100 g, 11.10 g/100 g, and 5.59 g/100 g, respectively. Free-nitrogen extract (FNE) content increased to 47.13 g/100 g as mushrooms lost water. TPC and antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in the dried samples, but the pre-treated samples with vinegar recorded higher values of 8.38 mg GAE/g and 54.13 µmol TE/g, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, the samples pre-treated with vinegar had higher color, texture, and acceptability scores. Thus, the use of a fitotoldo without pre-treatment and with vinegar pre-treatment is the most efficient method for drying Suillus luteus mushrooms.
Recovery of the Tambobamba Watershed after Environmental Zoning and Monitoring Using Vegetation Indices
(International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2026-03-12) Solano Velarde, Zósimo; Quispe Reymundo, Bimael Justo; Révolo Acevedo, Ronald Héctor; Quispe Quezada, Uriel Rigoberto; Bonilla Mancilla, Humberto Dax; Quispe Quezada, Luthgardo Pastor
Environmental zoning (EZ) in a watershed is intended to analyze the socioeconomic and biophysical parameters and design potential areas of intervention for the management and sustainability of natural resources, thereby improving people’s quality of life. EZ is incomplete without soil and water conservation techniques and management (SW/mct) to remediate natural environments. In this study, the Tambobamba watershed—during and after EZ—was analyzed in terms of socioeconomics, biophysics, and SW/mct, and monitored according to vegetation indices (VIs). To determine the socioeconomic situation, a rapid rural survey was conducted. To design biophysical maps, each area of the watershed was evaluated. The EZ was designed in 2018, under the demands and basic needs of the population. For monitoring in 2017, 2019, and 2021, the VIs were applied. Population density and poverty levels were low, economic activity was high, there was no university education, and basic services and communication routes were scarce. The watershed presented four climates, two natural domains, a glacial surface, six life zones, eight physiographic zones, two taxonomic orders of soils, and twelve geological classifications. The land is dominated by unused areas, the dominant slope was steep and had four types of HLCUs. Watershed remediation after S-W/mct showed that SAVI increased by 0.01, MSI increased by 0.8, EVI remained constant, NDWI increased by 0.06, and NDVI increased by 0.02. After performing the EZ, we affirmed that the Tambobamba watershed is in a slow recovery.

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