Snow Cover Temporal Dynamic Using MODIS Product, and Its Relationship with Precipitation and Temperature in the Tropical Andean Glaciers in the Alto Santa Sub-Basin (Peru)

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dc.contributor.authorCalizaya, Elmer
dc.contributor.authorLaqui, Wilber
dc.contributor.authorSardón, Saul
dc.contributor.authorCalizaya, Fredy
dc.contributor.authorCuentas, Osmar
dc.contributor.authorCahuana, José
dc.contributor.authorMindani, Carmen
dc.contributor.authorHuacani, Walquer
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-12T23:13:13Z
dc.date.available2026-03-12T23:13:13Z
dc.date.issued2026-03-12
dc.description.abstractThe retreats of the planet’s tropical glaciers are natural indicators of the variation of precipitation, temperature, and other variables. The glaciers of the Alto Santa sub-basin are sources of freshwater storage for consumptive and non-consumptive use for different sectors. As a result of climatic variations, it is essential to analyze the dynamics of the snow cover area (SCA). The methodology consisted of processing 6578 MODIS Snow Cover MOD10A1 product images and generating 18-year time series using the Platform Google Earth Engine (GEE). Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) was used to estimate the extent of snow cover, and to validate the MODIS snow cover product, we used the same overlapping date of Landsat 5 and 8 Surface Reflectance Tier 1, to examine the relationships between daily precipitation and temperature. The standardized correlation results gave good results with stations over 4500 m.a.s.l., such as Artesonraju AP2 (4828 m.a.s.l.) of −0.84 and −0.74, precipitation, and temperature. These results show coherent behaviors of the retreat due to the variation of the climatological variables. In some years, there were anomalies in the conduct of the three variables, but these originated from events of natural weather phenomena. Regarding the dynamics of the SCA in 18 years, it decreased from 649 km2 to 311.6. km2 between 2000 and 2017, representing a retreat of 41%; we can conclude and confirm that the glacier retreat is imminent due to the consequences of climate change, which would affect the security of freshwater from the tropical glaciers of the Peruvian Andes.
dc.description.sponsorshipUniversidad Nacional del Altiplano–Puno (UNA-PUNO) and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM–LIMA)
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/su15097610
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14195/1513
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherMDPI, Sustainability
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectGlacial retreat
dc.subjectClimatic data
dc.subjectEarth engine
dc.subjectStandardized correlation
dc.subjectTrend analysis
dc.subject.ocdehttps://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#2.07.05
dc.titleSnow Cover Temporal Dynamic Using MODIS Product, and Its Relationship with Precipitation and Temperature in the Tropical Andean Glaciers in the Alto Santa Sub-Basin (Peru)
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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